ABSTRACT
Wastewater surveillance is a promising technology for real-time tracking and even early detection of COVID-19 infections in communities. Although correlation analysis between wastewater surveillance data and the daily clinical COVID-19 case numbers has been frequently conducted, the importance of stationarity of the time-series data has not been well addressed. In this study, we demonstrated that strong yet spurious correlation could arise from non-stationary time-series data in wastewater surveillance, and data prewhitening to remove trends helped to reveal distinct cross-correlation patterns between daily clinical case numbers and daily wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentration during a lockdown period in 2020 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Normalization of wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentration by the endogenous fecal viral markers in the same samples significantly improved the cross-correlation, and the best correlation was detected at a two-day lag of the daily clinical case numbers. The detection of a significant correlation between daily wastewater SARS-CoV-2 RNA abundance and clinical case numbers also suggests that disease burden fluctuation in the community should not be excluded as a contributor to the often observed weekly cyclic patterns of clinical cases.
Subject(s)
COVID-19ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: With the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the importance of vaccines in epidemic prevention and public health has become even more obvious than ever. However, the emergence of multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants worldwide has raised concerns about the effectiveness of current COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we review the characteristics of COVID-19 vaccine candidates in five platforms and the latest clinical trial results of them. In addition, we further discuss future directions for the research and development of the next generation of COVID-19 vaccines. We also summarize the serious adverse events reported recently after the large-scale vaccination with the current COVID-19 vaccines, including the thromboembolism caused by the AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson vaccines.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Vaccines , COVID-19 Vaccines , Humans , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Background: Corona Virus Disease 2019 (CVID-19) is spreading across the world and the epidemic is also a great stress event for individuals which may trigger lots of mental health issue. This study aims to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and stress in individuals with infectious history of COVID-19 in Wuhan and the mediating effect of purpose in life.Method: A total of 128 individuals with infectious history of COVID-19 who were discharged from designated hospital and furtherly accepted health management of 14-day rehabilitation, isolation and medical observation at Qingshan District Rehabilitation Station in Wuhan were selected for the testing of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Impact of Event Scale (IES) and purpose-in-life test (PLT).Results: The depressive emotion, somatic symptoms and total score of CES-D in male group were significantly lower than that of in female participants (P＜0.001). The total score of CES-D was negatively correlated with all factors of PLT and positively correlated with all factors in IES (P＜0.05 or 0.01). The feeling of life, life goal, intrusiveness and awareness had significant predictive effects on the total score of CES-D(P＜0.05 or 0.01), which could explain 69.3% of variations in the total score of CES-D. The purpose in life played a partial mediating effect between the stress and depressive symptoms in individuals with infectious history of COVID-19, and the mediating effect accounted for 13.33% of the total effect.Conclusions: The females with infectious history of COVID-19 had more severe symptoms of depression. The stress of COVID-19 infectious history had predictive effect on depressive symptoms and purpose in life was mediator between stress and depressive symptoms.